The apparatus includes a digital voltage measuring circuit controllably coupled to selected ones of the voltage measurement electrodes and digitally controlled current sources.

The tool holder assembly is useful in a process for producing chips having a desired shape and size, and particularly to a method of controllably producing nanocrystalline chips.

This paper introduces the electrochemistry corrosion technology guided by the reverse engineering theory to controllably reappear high-fidelity superficial texture in a convenient high-effective way.