The cross- section curvature ductility ratio for R. C inequiaxial T - shaped, L - shaped and cress - shaped columns is calculated by numerical method.

When a curved beam is bending in the plane of the curvature, the neutral axis of cross section is not identical with the axis of gravity due to the influence of the initial curvature.

Shrinkage distortion typical for three cuts of lumber is illustrated in this log cross section. Note the curvature of the annual rings in each cut and how that affects the distorted shape .