The past studies of Zhangqi and Zhangbing come mostly from the angle of disease study, historical geography, and social history of medical and health.
关于瘴气与瘴病的研究,以往学界主要集中在疾病学、历史地理学以及医疗社会史范畴;
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Medical topography should be differentiated from EPIDEMIOLOGY in that the former emphasizes geography whereas the latter emphasizes disease outbreaks. Dr. James h.