This helps the kidneys retain sodium distal to the site of the mutation but at the expense of losing potassium.

Strain gages were placed distal to the fracture site to monitor fragment strain. A linearly variable differential transformer measured lateral displacement of the proximal femur.

Dilatation and anatomic changes occur above the level of obstruction, whereas distal to the obstruction, the configuration is usually normal. This helps in localizing the site of obstruction.