As this equation reveals, efferent coupling works against a package's stability: the more a package relies on other packages, the more susceptible it is to ripple effects in the face of change.

The alignment of laser beam to fiber end face and degradation of beam quality can increase the coupling losses. This paper analyzes their effects to the coupling efficiency.

Optical coupling and transmission performing with optic fiber and fiber optic face plate, a new sector beam linear array scanning X-ray detector technique based on plane array CCD devices is proposed.