Photosynthesis, which involves energy of light, absorption, energy conversion, electron transfer, ATP synthesis, CO2 fixation etc. , is a complex physical and chemical reaction process.

But the study of the mechanisms of non-metal antiknock has developed slowly due to the complex of the electron-transfer mechanisms or no electron-transfer properties under common condition.

The HAP1 gene encodes a complex transcriptional regulator of many genes involved in electron-transfer reactions and is essential in anaerobic or heme-depleted conditions.