But U.N. sanctions against Smith's Rhodesia went largely ignored, and the Africans turned to guerrilla warfare, known as the second Chimurenga.

CNN: Seeds of Zimbabwe's land conflict were planted more than a century ago

The Nbedele and Shona staged a near-constant run of revolts and raids in the latter part of the 19th century, but the war for liberation known as the "Chimurenga" ground to a near-standstill in 1897 when the revolt movement's leaders were captured and hanged.

CNN: Seeds of Zimbabwe's land conflict were planted more than a century ago