A uniform risk loss model are defined, and a basic loss estimate method is also proposed, which is composed of loss extent model, loss value conversion model, loss time value model.

During the crisis there was a total loss of confidence in Banks' capital standards, with most investors resorting to more basic accounting information to measure solvency.

In much of Europe, rules governing worker firing helped limit job loss, while strong social-welfare programs ensured that even the jobless retained their health care and received a basic income.