The axial stability of the rotor is obtained by the radial force of the passive magnetic bearings as well as the axial force produced by the PM motor due to the axial offset of the rotor.

The paper introduces excess loss based on lateral offset, axial offset, longitudinal offset, and different parameter value within a fiber splice, then, discusses the measurement method of excess loss.

Axial motion and misalignment (radial and angular offset) between the encoder shaft and the drive shaft are compensated by the coupling.