Mr Bell has wrestled with mighty local unions, especially when he sided with Mr Kasich in a 2011 dispute about collective bargaining.

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It argues that the suits involve issues that should be handled through collective bargaining an assertion the plaintiffs' attorneys dispute.

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The crux of the dispute comes down to Japanese conventional constraints on engaging in collective defense--meaning it would not try to knock down a missile headed for the U.S. "The government of Japan is in a tremendous debate over this, " says a U.S. government official who declined to be identified.

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