Many references show that the theoretic and practical researches on inertial surveying and attitude reference systems are predominantly in the field of sensor data integration.

For use in the attitude measurement of artillery projectiles, a strap-down type geomagnetism and solar direction sensor is made use of to decide the attitudinal data.

The electronic compass is widely applied as navigation instrument and attitude sensor, and the combination of electronic compass and GPS is considered as a ideal system of heading and orientation.