Discovering the molecular basis of mitochondrial respiratory chain disease is challenging given the large number of both mitochondrial and nuclear genes that are involved.

Serology aimed at M leprae-specific phenolic glycolipidantibodies and polymerase chain reaction may also be used but fail to reliablydetect early disease.

Uncontrolled inflammation in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) was actually a mediator disease, mainly caused by chain reaction of cytokine.