Inability to read and write properly at primary school is fuelling an "anti-education culture" among boys, the study adds, and the gender gap widens throughout their education.

Peter Smith, Professor of Psychology at the University of Sheffield, directed the Sheffield Anti-Bullying Intervention Project, funded by the Department for Education.

Frustration education is an important content of mental health education in schools, the goal of which is to cultivate students' anti-frustration ability.