The researchers analysed the sizes and structures of ash particles using a variety of techniques, such as atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.
研究人员使用不同的技术研究了火山灰颗粒的尺寸和结构，例如原子力显微镜、电子扫描显微镜和X射线衍射。
2
The researchers froze one of the antibodies in the process of attaching to and neutralizing the virus, getting an atomic-level image in a process called X-ray crystallography.
研究人员在粘附和中和病毒过程中，冻住其中一个抗体，通过所谓X射线结晶学的过程得到原子水平的图像。
3
The structural properties of the films were analyzed by X ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS), X ray diffractometer (XRD) and atomic force microscope (AFM).