Apple's platform seemed unbeatable in part because it was a monolithic, closedecosystem.
苹果的平台看起来是不可击败的，部分原因是它是一个垄断的，紧密的生态系统。
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The infamous Biosphere 2 closed-ecosystem project outside Tucson, Ariz., first inhabited by eight people in 1991, is the best example of an approach not to take.