In response to this, smallholders have developed strategies for (ex ante) risk management and (ex post) risk coping.
为此，小农制定了(事前)风险管理和(事后)风险应对战略。
2
Meat inspection consists of ante-mortem inspection of slaughter animals and post-mortem inspection of slaughtered animals.
肉类检验包括屠宰前和屠宰后的检验。
3
In the supply chain, the problems in agency mainly involve the adverse selection caused by ex ante information asymmetry and moral hazard caused by ex post information asymmetry.