And since a bigger equity buffer would make profits less volatile, investors should actually accept a lower ROE, mitigating part of the impact.

Lufthansa has set itself a strategic minimum liquidity to ensure that funds are permanently available as a buffer against cyclical fluctuations and volatile financial markets.

If the body did not regenerate the HCO3 - lost in buffering the non-volatile acids, the entire buffer capacity would be used up in abort 6 days (assuming a normal rate of acid production).