The recent work has been made possible by new techniques of molecular biology that allow viral DNA to be detected at low concentrations in the environment.
分子生物学的新技术使最近的工作成为可能，这种新技术能在环境中检测到低浓度的病毒 DNA。
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Systems biology approaches are being increasingly applied to the exploration of host-pathogen interactions, including the impact of viral infection on innate and adaptive immunity.