Between the theories of big-bang cosmology and the theory of stellar structure and theory, there is a gap still rarely understood: how do the galaxies form?

The Big Bang model of cosmology rests on two key ideas that date back to the early 20th century: General Relativity and the Cosmological Principle.

But even if the circles really do stem from sources in a pre-Big Bang era, cyclic cosmology may not offer the best explanation for them.