Membership homogeneity or heterogeneity is an important research field in the theory of cooperatives.

The traditional neo-classical economic theory considers that wages are the reward for marginal product. In the perfectly competitive market, homogeneity of workers implies the same wage for all.

The theories of outside and inside origination on the enterprise competitive advantage in fact correspond to the question of the homogeneity and heterogeneity tentative in the enterprise theory.