The rate equations for a continuous four level laser are solved in this letter, taking into account the finite lower level lifetime and the crystal field splittingof the laser levels.
在考虑了有限的下能级寿命和激光能级与晶格场的相互作用的基础上，对四能级激光的速率方程组进行了求解。
2
Both the Kondo resonance and the spin-splittingof the single electron levels can be controlled by internal magnetization of the electrodes, which can be used to generate a spin-valve effect.