Based on the MPEG-4 video traffic of low quality and high quality, a hybrid model is presented to capture the frame size at multiple time scales: the change of scene and fluctuation of bit-rate.

The dependencies of all suggested measures for charge fluctuation on the size of rapidity window are compared by using the hadronic and nuclear collision models—PYTHIA and RQMD.

Transmission fluctuation spectrometry (TFS) is a new method for particle size measurements, in which the particle size distribution and particle concentration can be measured simultaneously.