This, the team suggests, implies that the direction of rotation is programmed into the stator ring, rather than the shaft, which thus dictates the direction of drive.

This paper studies the stator vibration of an induction motor with square frame, and presents a novel multi-degree vibrating model which is superior to the conventional double-ring one.

Now, Noji and colleagues have used AFM to record a sequence of frames of the rotorless F1 component (the catalytic stator ring).