Form and dimension may also be achieved by a number of alternative processes such as hot or cold extrusion, sand casting, die casting, and precision casting.

The processes of sand casting are discussed in this section, including patterns, sprues and runners, design considerations, and casting allowance.

Green sand casting casting clay weight from a few kilograms until decades kilograms, machine tool lathe bed and clay dry type of casting production can be weighed dozens of tons.