To trace the source of meat, or even leather goods, scientists can use DNA barcoding, which uses a short genetic marker from the sample to identify it.

Genotyping error has become one of important issues during the molecular marker detection studies, especially for the trace sample genotyping and forensic analysis.

The accuracy and precision of estimates of QTL position and effects will be enhanced as the increasing of QTL heritability, sample size and polymorphism information content of molecular marker.