Rubber sandwich spring is widely used in the world as an elastic element of secondarysuspension on locomotives.
橡胶堆旁承作为机车二系悬挂的弹性元件，已在国内外铁路上得到了广泛的应用。
2
Since high speed locomotives and cars require a larger deflection of the secondarysuspension, more consideration should be given to the stability of springs.
高速机车车辆的二系弹簧悬挂需要更大的静挠度，对弹簧稳定性的要求显得尤为迫切。
3
Several secondarysuspension structures of bolsterless bogies are described, and the effects of their features on the bogie performance are analyzed and compared.