"Transient ischemic attacks (" mini strokes"), with short-term loss of function, result from Blockage of Blood flow to small areas."

Short-term effects include the disturbances directly associated with the action of the pest, which may cause the defoliation, loss of vigor, or death of trees.

Volpp said the incentives were highly effective at producing short-term weight loss, but when the money stopped flowing, the weight began to creep back on.