That supplier is paid a monthly fee, and then has an incentive to cut printing costs by exploiting economies of scale in procurement, replacing printers with more efficient models and so forth.

Traditionally, printer makers have charged big corporate customers a per-page fee for printing services: up to 8 cents a page for a color document and less than 2 cents a page for black-and-white.

patent registration fee, fee for announcement and printing, fee for maintaining the application and annual fee;