Short-term effects include the disturbances directly associated with the action of the pest, which may cause the defoliation, loss of vigor, or death of trees.
短期影响包括与害虫活动直接相关的干扰,可能导致树木落叶、失去活力或死亡。
2
Other archaeologists have identified the immediate cause of this abandonment to be a series of short growing seasons that would have put pressure on corn production at that high an altitude.