Putnam claims that one condition which is crucial for successful reference is that there be an appropriate causal connection between the object referred to and the speaker referring.
普特南声称，成功关联的一个至关重要的条件是，说话者以及他提及之物间的一种合适的因果关系。
2
Another girl, Ann Putnam, age 11, experienced similar episodes.
另一个女孩，11岁的安妮·普特纳姆，也出现了相同情况。
3
Vanguard, Fidelity and Putnam all have open-end convertible mutual funds, and there are many closed-end funds, including some trading at discounts to their net asset values.