Objective. The idea of this study was to evaluate a new miniature robotic system providing passiveguidance for pedicle screw placement at the lumbar spine.
目的：这项研究的目的是评估一种新的微型机器人系统为腰椎放置椎弓根螺钉提供无源制导。
2
In creative education, student, as the object of teaching, is an initiative subject to participate in study and creation under the guidance of teachers rather than a passive individual.