Wood fibres and fines in an aqueous system are negatively charged due to ionization of functional groups associated with hemicellulose, oxidized cellulose and oxidized lignin.

The information about the cellulose oxidized by periodate is reviewed, mainly including the mechanism of oxidation, the characteristics of oxidation, the properties of DAC.

The substrate may comprise collagen, chitosan or oxidized regenerated cellulose, and the dyestuff may for example be an aniline or acridine dye.