Refractory pathological memory on opioid will be generated in animals after chronic opioid treatment, which revealed the participation of learning and memory in opioiddependence.
阿片长期处理能够造成动物对阿片产生顽固性的病理性记忆，表明学习记忆参与了阿片依赖过程。
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Especially, some of them show biphasic modulation on opioid functions, which enhance opioid analgesia, but inhibit tolerance to and substance dependence on opioids.