The earliest ICop amp OUTPUT stages were NPN emitter followers with NPN current sources or resistive pull-downs, as shown in Figure 1.6.
最初的集成运算放大器的输出级是NPN电流源的NPN放射追随器或通过电阻下拉，如图1.6所示。
2
In this paper, a nonlinear macromodel for all types of Integrated Circuit Operational Amplifiers (ICOP-Amps) is developed through studying the characteristics of all types of ICOP-Amps.