Phase encode spreading optical code division multiplex access (OCDMA) communication system is one of the research focuses in recent years.

"One of the ways that we encode digital information is by its phase," Huntington said, "so what we've done is created a wave packet that's simultaneously a one and a zero in its phase."

Even as early as the design phase of a portlet, it is important to distinguish between the states a portlet manages and encode them appropriately.