There are a number of surgical approaches to manage this condition including open radical nephroureterectomy and laparoscopic procedures.
有多种手术处置方式可用来治疗，包括开放性根治性肾输尿管切除术及腹腔镜手术处置。
2
With the improvement of laparoscopic technique and instrument, totally laparoscopic nephroureterectomy will be more and more popular on clinical purpose.
随着腹腔镜技术及设备的不断完善，该术式将越来越广泛地应用于临床。
3
Objective:To investigate the clinical results of hand-assisted laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy and evaluate its effectiveness and safety for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma.