[Rachel n. Carmody, Gil S. Weintraub and Richard W. Wrangham, "Energetic consequences of thermal and nonthermal food processing"] food's energy value is usually measured before consumption.

By processing the original power signal with dispersing autoregressive model AR, the difference between the measured value and the forecasting value of the model is used to judge the tool breakage.

Economic value of water resources refers to incremental benefit, measured with currency, brought by unit natural water (raw water without processing as for commodity) to economic and social users.