Religions spawned pilgrims or settlers; wars drove refugees before them and made new land available for the conquerors; political upheavals displaced thousands or millions.
Iron hoes, which made the land more productive, and iron weapons, which made the warrior more powerful, had symbolic meaning in a number of West Africa societies.
铁制锄头使土地更高产,铁制武器使战士更强大,它们在许多非洲西部的部落中都拥有象征性意义。
3
We made the journey by land , though flying would have been cheaper.