This model function is applied to NSCAT data to retrieve wind vectors, with the Maximum-Likelihood Estimator to get a set of ambiguous wind vectors and a vector filter technique to remove ambiguities.

Systematically introduced parameter estimation of distributed sources on the base of models, including the maximum likelihood estimate, least squares estimator, DSPE, DISPARE, etc.

By employing the concept of statistical curvatures, the information loss of the maximum likelihood estimator and the generalized least squares estimator is investigated.