They are to utilize light radiation pressure to trap and manipulate micro-particles including dielectric spheres, cells and biological macro-molecules.

Capillary electrophoresis can be used to isolate and analyze a wide variety of inorganic and organic small molecules, bio-macro-molecules (such as proteins, nucleic acids), and microbes.

Meanwhile, the linear scaling algorithms of DFT are getting mature, which makes the application of DFT to large systems such as biological macro molecules become possible.