The plan is to shift to efficient, low carbon bus rapid transit systems and light rail, and to retire old buses and replace them with lower carbon alternatives, such as hybrid vehicles.

The main reason for the high-speed rail low attendance is that fares are too high; the high-speed railway ticket prices are usually double or higher than normal train fares.

Additionally, by looking at low - and high-passenger occupancy scenarios, we show that high-speed rail is not universally better or worse than the other modes.