The failure of Brazil's state-owned airline, Varig, was a turning-point. It helped the rise of Gol, a Brazilian low-costcarrier, and TAM, which has a more traditional network.
In Japan, Qantas is teaming up with Japan Airlines and the conglomerate Mitsubishi to form Jetstar Japan, a low-costcarrier that is expected to start flying within Japan at the end of next year.