Some viewpoints on test, disfigurement analysis, responsibility cognizance and loss estimate in appraisal program are proposed.

A uniform risk loss model are defined, and a basic loss estimate method is also proposed, which is composed of loss extent model, loss value conversion model, loss time value model.

Researchers estimate that the loss of one million bats in the Northeast alone has probably resulted in between 660 and 1320 metric tons fewer insects being eaten by bats each year.