The elastic range, the plastic range (during which the material flows at a constant stress), the strain-hardening range, and the range during which necking occurs, terminating in fracture.
弹性范围，塑料范围（当材料以不变的应力流动时），应变硬化范围和发生颈缩现象以其断裂终止的范围。
2
The approach is based on the assumption that necking mode can be modeled under plane stress conditions and shear localization can be modeled under plane strain conditions.
An isoparametric finite element program of large elastic-plastic strain (LEPS) is used to analyse the necking of a cylindrical bar and a plate specimen under uniaxial tension.