For the paper, 'Shorn Scalps and Perceptions of Male Dominance,' published in the journal Social Psychological and Personality Science, Mannes describes three experiments.

This study shows that dynamic cues such as dancing ability might also be used to assess male quality in terms of strength and dominance - traits which eventually signal status.

They will also play affectionately with their offspring but will often turn nasty if a youngster pesters too stubbornly or an adolescent male challenges for dominance.