Methods the spatial distribution of the compositional elements in incipient enamel caries was obtained by spot selection, line and map analyses with electron probe microanalysis technique (EPMA).

Reasons of failure in cooling pipe of the reactor have been studied by the chemical composition analysis, optical microscopy examination and electron probe microanalysis.

The distributions of composition, phase-and microstructure were examined respectively by using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).