Before Darwin, naturalphilosophers held to a point of view called typology, or essentialism.
在达尔文之前，自然哲学家支持一种观点称为类型学，或本质论。
2
In the 19th century, though, nature and philosophy went their separate ways as the naturalphilosophers grew in number, power and influence.
而到了十九世纪，随着自然哲学家们在其数量、知识能力与影响力上的增强，自然学科与哲学就分道扬镳了。
3
I argue that Charleton's circumstances as a practising physician resulted in the construction of an identity at variance with that widely associated with naturalphilosophers.