Conclusions: the 2003 rulings in both France and the United States provide the legal impetus needed for affirmativeactionprograms to continue.
结论：2003年法美两国的有关裁决都为提携行动项目的继续实施提供了法律上的推动力。
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However, none of the court decisions or programs on either side of the Atlantic makes any real attempt to address the larger racial issues that created the need for affirmativeaction from the start.
Racial identification can stem from other sources, such as heightened ethnic pride or the opportunity to benefit from affirmativeaction and other programs.