All these etymological doublets indicate that the Peking dialect is comprised of a basic nativeword stock overlaid with one or more strata of extraneous material.
所有这些二词一组的同源词说明了，北京话的基本词汇层并非只有一层。最后一句搞不清啦，意译了，呵呵。
2
It's a landscape of naked trees, solid-set rivers and countless ice-lipped lakes (the province of Ontario - a nativeword for "sparkling lake" - holds a third of the world's fresh water).
There are three origins of neologisms both in English and Chinese: 1) borrowing words from other countries, 2) creating new words with nativeword elements, 3) adding new meanings to old words.