The simplest explanation is that the toed lineages never lost their toes, but Wagner begs to differ.
最简单的解释是，趾系从未失去过脚趾，但瓦格纳却不同意这种说法。
2
Kivell and Schmitt think this suggests the independent evolution of knuckle-walking behavior in the two African ape lineages.
凯威尔和施密特认为这表明了在两个非洲类人猿谱系中关节行走行为的独立进化。
3
From a detailed analysis of the salamanders' family tree, however, it is clear that the other lineages evolved from an ancestor that itself had lost the ability to metamorphose.